The Heat of the Fourth of July :: Personal Narrative Essays

The Heat of the Fourth of July    It was not particularly hot that Fourth of July many years ago, but looking back it was the heat that impressed itself upon me the most. The true heat was much more than the temperature. The true heat that I felt was from the long, winding, awe-inspiring chase that the cops gave my friends and me.    Let it be said now: the moral of this story is to not shoot bottle rockets toward police cruisers; the consequences are frightening to say the least.    The day was like any other Independence Day in its celebration-the barbecue was on the grill, the family was on the deck, and the good feelings were freely flowing. I chatted with the family, put in the requisite time at the kiddies' table, and began to feel the spirit of the holiday. It was clear and calm that day, with still no indication of the police-led festivities yet to come, and then it happened: an old uncle, rarely seen except for those few occasions when public drinking with the familial unit is acceptable, brought out a bag of things that no self-respecting Fourth of July party-goer is without--the fireworks. Pretty soon the kids, and even a few adults, were enjoying the pyrotechnic show.    Later that evening, as all kids do at some point on the Fourth, my friends and I left the festivities to find some fun. We were not being particularly destructive, yet there was a hint of malicious spirit in our laughter. Walking through the neighborhood, we would shoot rockets at passers-by, houses, and even each other. This half malicious fun continued for several hours, until darkness fell completely, while we waited, not knowing what we were waiting for, very tense and excited. Then the unexpected happened, and when it did, it did so with a shot.    The twelve of us were sitting at a friend's house, in his yard, on his porch, wherever we could find a seat, when a cop pulled up to the drive. Now, anyone who has been a teenager understands the need to rebel, but there also exists an inherent need to obey in the face of armed authority. My friend Chuck obviously only felt like rebelling.

Dark green religion and hunting Essay

Hunting and Dark Green Religion with a Twist of Sport Hunting Dark Green Religion and hunting go hand in hand in the traditional sense. According to Dark Green Religion, as exemplified by Bron Taylor, the death of an animal should be appreciated and teach us the ethics of loving and caring for the bounty of our planet. Farm animals are killed all the time with the justification that they are for food. The conditions those animals deal with are explicitly anti-DGR. There are several types of hunting but the main two are hunting for subsistence and sport hunting. Hunting for food is acceptable because since the beginning of time, animals eat other animals, due to our carnal nature. Numerous environmentalists, in accordance with Bron Taylor, agree that hunting is a life function for almost all animals its either for survival or for food, therefore it is acceptable, but the death of an animal should come at a price of great sadness and appreciation. Dark Green Religion and its followers believe that animals have some sort of spiritual value, this leads them to respect all living things whether they are sentient beings or not. Humans are omnivores by nature, so eating dead animals is as natural as it can get, as long as it is not factory farmed. One thought that arises is what is naturally acceptable and what is not? In the wise words of Henry David Thoreau what is wild is good or â€Å"all good things are wild and free. †1 Anything that is untainted by humans is natural, just like killing for food is natural, but killing to show off skill is not because other animals in the wild do not kill for pleasure or thrill. It is either for food or for self-preservation in some rare cases. Through the various DGR literature pieces that are analyzed in this paper there is a spectrum in the environmental literature. 2At one end is the view that hunting is justified only for self protection and for food, where no other reasonable alternative is available. Most writers, in this case Bron Taylor, Gretel Van Wieren, and Priscilla Cohn, also agree that hunting is sometimes justified in order to protect endangered species and threatened ecosystems where destructive species have been introduced or natural predators have been exterminated. Others, especially in western society, accept hunting as part of cultural tradition or for the psychological well being of the hunter, sometimes extended to include recreational hunting when practiced according to â€Å"sporting† rules. Nowhere in the literature as far as DGR is concerned is hunting for fun, for the enjoyment of killing, or for the acquisition of trophies defended. 3 Imagine being an animal†¦ getting chased and shot at by humans for pure enjoyment. It cannot be fun especially if they miss the vital organs and you are in severe pain. Sometimes the hunt will take hours and the animal will drag its mutilated body around trying to die in peace because that is all it can do at that point. Animals can feel pain just like us. In a movie that Dr. Ellard showed to us in class, a man with special powers transferred the pain and sadness of a dying deer to a hunter, the hunter screamed and writhed in pain. That just makes you think what must have been going through the deer’s brain. At what point is it acceptable to kill animals? For instance, killing in self defense is justified only if no effective nonlethal means is available. Some say the thrill of the hunt makes it worth whatever the cost may be. Killing to obtain trophies would be justified and only if trophies are an important nonsubstitutable good, or if some other important substitute good cannot reasonably be achieved by any other means. 4 Others say hunting does have a thrill but it shouldn’t be the only thoughts going through your head. According to Bron Taylor no small numbers of DGR folk hunt. Taylor does not approve of trophy or sport hunting. In his words; although there is nothing wrong in my view with appreciating and enjoying all that goes with the hunt, this is best combined with the feelings of sadness that I hope also comes with the taking of life. Dark Green Religion gives wildlife intrinsic value and a sort of spiritual relevance. Wild life is to be revered, not conquered and made to look inferior. 5 Humans are a part of the whole circle of life, and we should stay within our circle and not go out and destroy it. Bron and I discussed the main reason to which degree hunting should be considered acceptable. I think hunting is justifiable for food, as a philosophical understanding that we are not superior but rather are a part of nature and like other organisms, kill to survive and thrive, and it is also justifiable, sometimes, to promote the health of an ecosystem and the viability of other species populations. 6 According to Gretel Van Wieren agrees with me that there is less harm done in hunting that there is factory farming. In our case up here in the northeast, we have hunted the wolves to extinction in our region. The wolves were the main predators of the deer  population, since all the wolves have been killed; now it is our responsibility to hunt the deer since they are constantly overpopulating the region and devastating the flora of the region along with farmland. Bron Taylor and his colleagues who are mentioned above, joined us in our discussion, agreed with me wholeheartedly thru the lens of DGR. According to Ted Kerasote, avid outdoorsman, hunter, and author, buried in our animal nature lies an important but unstated fact: The drive to hunt and the drive for sex have much in common. Both are primal and both can be thanked for our presence here today. While the drive to hunt is less obvious than the drive for sex, the former probably contributed more to our culture. Sex is accomplished by two, but hunting is often accomplished in cohesive and enduring groups. 7 Before we became hunters, we met our need for animal protein by snacking on insects, snails, fledgling birds and other slow creatures too small to share. But hunting produced large, festive meals too grand to be eaten by any one person, meals which could feed large groups of people who would stay around the carcass not only to be sure of their shares but also to defend the meat from scavengers. 8 Based on the facts presented by Kerasote hunting, therefore, made us social. Since we have evolved and advanced so much that hunting is outdated in most cases, we hunt for other reasons. Hunting has brought us subsistence, and then the social aspect took over and now we are acting in the reverse direction of why we started hunting in the first place. The social aspect has led us to believe that hunting is acceptable just for the social aspect and not for that which it was originally intended. On the other hand, certain people, hold that animals were not put on earth for our use, certainly not so that we can kill them for pleasure. To the various DGR people mentioned in the paper, sport hunting is no more exalted than pulling the wings off flies. What the issue comes down to, then, is this: Now that we have become an industrialized society, should we indulge our instincts at the expense of other intelligent forms of life? That question has been very intelligently addressed in Ted Kerasote’s book called Bloodties. He makes a big a point in his introduction to the book that as long as we hunt locally (so that we don’t burn fossil fuel getting to our quarry) and as long as we eat the victim, we do infinitely less harm to the overall environment than we do by eating ordinary supermarket vegetables. After all, the vegetables are grown by an energy-hungry agribusiness whose pesticides decimate the ecosystem and whose combines fatally batter hundreds of small animals (insects, toads, snakes, ground-nesting birds, mice, voles, woodchucks, striped squirrels, weasels, skunks, foxes) in the course of each harvest. But venison is in dramatic contrast to the vegetables resulting from that harvest, as well as to feed-dependent pork, beef, mutton, chicken and turkey. Unlike agricultural produce, venison requires no pesticide or fossil-fuel to grow, and results in the loss of just one life: the deer’s. 9 Why don’t we all see this? Because to many of us, the little animals in the crops are vermin and the deer are Bambi, yet as Kerasote points out, life is precious to all creatures. This point that he makes shows us how deep this animal harm goes, people who are vegans probably do not think this deep. The land cleared for their food was once a home to animals. That same land is annually inhabited by other animals and every year they get killed or chased away by machinery. Kerasote hunts, probably very well. As a hunter he sounds more like an Inuit or a Bushman (or more like a wolf or a mountain lion, to name two other hunters of the deer) than like the camouflage-clad, beer-sodden macho types with automatic weapons who infest the woods each fall. And because he’s a hunter, Kerasote’s descriptions of hunts are realistic perfection, his detail is very vivid and proves the reader with imagery that makes you want to hunt. The thrill of the hunt is what our ancestors must have followed in order to even overcome the challenge of hunting with stones and on foot. Trophy hunting is the selective hunting of wild game animals. Although parts of the slain animal may be kept as a hunting trophy or memorial (usually the skin, antlers and/or head), the carcass itself is seldom used as food or mostly it is considered useless and thrown away. 10 Sport hunting goes back to ancient Mesopotamia and Persia. Kings would conduct lion hunts from chariots, and would often stock their lands with the beasts for this purpose. One of the oldest legends in history–Gilgamesh–celebrates his killing of lions and other beasts, mythic and real. Hunting–whether for food or for sport–has been directly tied to the extinction of megafauna in the Ice Age 41,000 years ago. The advent of firearms made hunting easier, and hunting expeditions (like the safaris of the 19th and early 20th centuries) became popular. 11 Before conservation laws, virtually anything was deemed fair game: elephants, tigers, rhinos, gorillas, wolves, deer, elk and most other large animals. Most of the animals involved with trophy hunting are either endangered or on the watch list. â€Å"Sport† hunting is a brutal business. It means taking the life of an innocent animal for personal gain. The hunting industry doesn’t like the word kill because it exposes the lie that animals die peacefully after being arrowed, shot, trapped, choked and generally tortured to death. So they sanitize the cruelty of hunting by using euphemisms to describe their evil deeds. 12 To make matters worse, not all of these animals that are hunted for sport are eaten; this promotes the lack of appreciation for their life. It is certainly true that many hunters seek to kill trophy animals which are precisely the animals that the species can least afford to lose: the â€Å"genetically prime† animals. 13 Since hunters look for the prime animals to kill, the stunted and genetically unfit animals are allowed to breed and then the offspring have less of a chance of surviving which further hinders the population as well as the hunters that are still hunting the species. A chief of this would be hunting elephants with big tusks. When the animals with big tusks are poached, the remaining population has to breed with males that would have otherwise lost in fights over mating partners. Since these elephants are genetically inferior precisely due to the size of their tusks, they are less likely to survive because during the dry season they will not be able to dig for water, and their offspring would have to endure the same problem. This would cull the population to the point where there would not be enough healthy elephants to keep the population alive. This just goes to show how such small actions by mankind can lead to such adverse effects for animals. Sport and trophy hunting have other deleterious effects on animal populations, as I discussed earlier in the paper with my example of the deer and wolf dilemma in northeast America. Hunting for sport has obliterated species. The dodo bird’s disappearance along with passenger pigeons’ is attributed mostly to sport hunters, and the historical decimation of the American buffalo from sport hunters nearly pushed that species to total extinction. Big game hunting was a craze in the 1800s, and their effect on animal populations was devastating. Sport hunters of the time were ignorant of issues like sustainable breeding populations, and there were no protected species until the first conservation laws were passed in the 20th century. 14 Dark Green Religion people have made it their mission to let society know of the harm they are causing by hunting for pleasure. If you look at the bigger picture here, anything that humans do for pure pleasure generally has a harsh consequence for the environment. If we paid attention to the devastation we cause we would probably help reduce the amount of damage we cause to our one and only planet. If the â€Å"pros† of sports hunting can be outweighed the â€Å"cons† by so much more it makes an obvious statement against sports hunting. Sport hunting has the direct effect of reducing animal populations; unless it is tightly regulated, this form of hunting can decimate species and disrupt the balance of ecosystems. 15 In many cases sports hunting has already upset an established ecological balance as in the case of the white tailed deer and the wolves. The message of DGR people is quite clear at this point, and we see that in some cases advocacy helps, but illegal sports hunting still proceeds unhindered in many cases and we need to help raise support against it by denying a market for illegal animal products. According to various environmentalists along with Bron Taylor, Gottlieb, and Henry David Thoreau, in order to fix the problem, we need to identify the problem and advocate to the public to the point where the public will be scrambling for a solution on their own. As these various authors are working on advocating the problem, the environment and society are still on a downhill plunge. In some cases we need visceral Dark Green Religion to come in explain why some groups regard wilderness with such reverence. It is because of Dark Green Religion that I even wanted to write this paper. I hope the rest of the world is as understanding as I am and attempt to do as much as anyone can to help improve the situation, because that is the only way change will occur. Bibliography Gunn, Alastair S. â€Å"Environmental Ethics and Trophy Hunting. † Ethics & the Environment. no. 1 (2001): 68-95. Kerasote, Ted. Bloodties: Nature, Culture, and the Hunt . New York: Random House, 1993. Priscilla Cohn Ethics and Wildlife: Hunting Myths, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1999. Swan, James A. In Defense Of Hunting. New York: Harper Collins, 1995. Tallmadge, John, â€Å"Deerslayer with a Degree,† in Mark Allister (ed. ) Eco-Man: New Perspectives on Masculinity and Nature, University of Virginia Press, 2004, 17-27 Taylor, Bron. Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2009. Wade, Maurice L. â€Å"Animal Liberationaism, Ecocentrism, and the Morality of Sport Hunting. † Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. (1990): 15-27.

The New Negro Of The Harlem Renaissance - 879 Words

The New Negro Movement, also known as The Harlem Renaissance, was a time in the early twentieth century where African Americans embraced literature, music, theatre, and visual arts (Alchin). They were inspired and gave inspiration to many blacks in the community. The Great Migration was the beginning of the Harlem Renaissance – it is, where it began the most significant movement in the black history. After World War I, â€Å"more than six million African Americans† traveled from â€Å"the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest, and West† to achieve economic and social benefit, and a new home in Harlem, New York City (History.com Staff). It â€Å"has been a synonym for being a center of culture, intelligence, and fashion† (Harlem). That exact time period gave black people opportunity to grow, to prosper, and to express. Through art, they have shown the value of life, even though there was brutal racism, injustice in black identity, and slavery. Thi s is a movement in the black culture to show that they are just more than the color of their skin. The Harlem Renaissance started after World War I. Northern factories had a â€Å"huge demand† for workers; â€Å"southern blacks took this opportunity to leave the oppressive economic conditions in the South† (Great Migration). Most of them resided in Harlem, New York City. Artists in this movement had either painted pictures of everyday tasks, wrote poetry about freedom, and/or played jazz. It has highly themed of what it was like being a slave,Show MoreRelatedThe Harlem Renaissance : The New Negro Movement1008 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Negro Movement, also known as the Harlem Renaissance, spanned in the 1920s in which African American culture attained unparalleled political and social recognition despite the ongoing horrors of being black in America. New Negro was coined during the Harlem Renaissance indicating a more open advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit to Jim Crow laws and racial segregation. The movement weakened the notion of the African diaspor a as an event of forced migration isolated in the past andRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : The New Negro Movement1459 Words   |  6 Pagesas the Harlem Renaissance. The main focus of the era for the African Americans was to establish some sort of identity and self-expression through literary, musical, theatrical, and visual arts. The story behind this began in 1890 when African American slaves migrated from the rural South to the urban North as they thrashed their way to freedom. Most of them migrated to New York, particularly in the district of Harlem (Bolarinwa). 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Madhubuti’s, a black arts movement members relationship with Harlem Renaissance is one ofRead MoreHarlem Renaissance : The Cultural And Artistic Explosion745 Words   |  3 Pages Natalyn Rico Mr.Flores February 7, 2016 History IB Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was the name given to the social, cultural and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem during the end of World War 1. The time of the 1920’s was a time of change for everyone. During the 1920’s, the Harlem Renaissance was the most influential movement where African Americans came together and created multiple things that was uniqueRead MoreHarlem Renaissance : A Cultural, Social, And Artistic Explosion840 Words   |  4 Pagesexplosion that took place in Harlem between 1919-1929 became known as the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance was a great time period in history for blacks. The Harlem Renaissance included great artists such as Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, James Baldwin, and more. The Harlem Renaissance was a movement in which blacks asserted themselves by embracing their racial identity and appreciating their African heritage. In my opinion the Harlem Renaissance gave blacks a sense a pride. It

The And Social Work Welfare History - 1085 Words

In this paper I will discuss a variety of aspects related to my agency, such as structure, social policy, and social work welfare history that empowers families’ lives. This semester I have been given the opportunity to work, as an intern, at Head Start Nacogdoches following a social worker understanding the importance of being efficient in my future career. At Head Start my job is to observe, take notes, and ask questions to my field instructor Ms. Celena Garrett in understand the importance of developing programs to help parents build a suitable lifestyle for their child. Social Work/ Social Welfare History The three historical event that has a had major impact on the services delivered by the agency, consist of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal Policy, the Office of Economic Opportunity summer launched in 1965 (..). According to Roosevelt, (1932) the policy was designed to make a drastic shift in American society, Let us . . . highly resolve to resume the country s interrupted march along the path of real progress, of real justice, of real equality for all of our citizens, great and small.† In his speech the President’s promise towards the depression, gave people of the United States hope and they began to trust in him knowing their President would carry out his New Deal Policies. The New Deal policies underline focus on the 3 Rs: Recovery, Reform and Relief. The President wanted relief for the unemployed and poor; recovery of the economy to normalShow MoreRelatedSocial Work And Welfare History1477 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Work/ Welfare History In 1906, in-school social work programs were integrated into New York City schools with hopes to bridge the gaps between the schools and communities in which they served. 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Historical Context Of Galton s Life Essay - 2286 Words

Historical Context of Galton’s Life Picture England in the Victorian era, living as a wealthy member of the upper class of society. This is how and when Francis Galton lived when he formulated his theories and coined the term nature vs. nurture. The Victorian era was a time of peace and prosperity for England and one of the highest points of England’s power not only domestically but across the entire British Empire. This was a time of industrialization for the country and its widespread influence resulted in great economic growth. This was also one of the largest booms in the population with the country more than doubling its population in 70 years and growing the middle class within the social hierarchy (Hoppen, 1998). The overall mood of the era was one of straight-laced, proper behavior. Literature and the fine arts suffered but scientific research and industrial achievements were praised and encouraged (Hoppen, 1998). 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Research on Jeni’s Splendid Ice Cream Company-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theResearch on Jenis Splendid Ice Cream Company. Answer: Statement of the problem Many business organizations are initiated globally mainly to realize profits and expand worldwide. For this to be achieved, business organizations need to establish strategies that differentiate them from its competitors (Bhasin, 2012). Marketing is, therefore, a key element determining the success of every business organization. Key success factors impact various businesses to a profound extent towards the actualization of the profit by the involved organization. It is important for every business organization that needs to succeed, so that at the end of the day profits are acquired, need to implement some of the strategies employed by the splendid company of ice cream founded by Jeni in the USA (Deluzio and Hawkey, 2006). Business organizations require knowing that in the process of carrying out business activities, various elements barricade the process (Koenigsaecker, 2013). This should not form the basis of turning back of the company. The organization need to be proactive, embr ace their customers by serving them well and timely and produce high-quality products (Dora et al., 2013). There is the need for such organizations to assign the appropriate price for their commodities for them to remain competitive despite high competitions for the market with its competitors (Hartwell and Roth, 2010). Jeni's splendid ice cream company which has expanded nationwide is doing well in business. There's need to contact case research to analyze some of the strategies the company utilizes to know its creative flavors and its high-quality ingredients (Bonavia and Marin-Garcia, 2011). Organizations facing challenges in production, distribution, and sale of their products will be able to use the research project to mitigate these challenges based on the approach being embraced by Jenis splendid ice cream company. The aims and Objectives of the research The aims of the project include: To identify the key success factors that impact on the profitability of Jenis splendid ice cream company in the USA. To evaluate strategies being utilized by the company in differentiating itself from the close competitors To explore the multiple challenges encountered by the company. To identify mitigation strategies that the company can take to avoid losses and other business related risks. The methodology of the study The study will employ a case study approach to Jeni's company. In the analysis of the case, various strategies of the organization will be analyzed, the culture of the organization will be observed for a considerate period (Danova, 2013). Furthermore for the research to be more efficient, questionnaires will be administered to various stakeholders of the organization. Clarification will be sought in case there is the need for (Byrne, 2013). In selecting the stakeholders to fill the questionnaires, a purposive sampling approach will be utilized to ensure that accuracy is highly realized (Alagaraja, 2013). Secondary sources The study will utilize both the internal and external secondary sources in order to make the research meet its objectives (Emiliani, 2013). Basing on the internal sources, the project will analyze the following sources: Profits and loss statements, balance sheets, inventory records, sales figures and previous marketing research conducted by the organization (Jayaram, Das, and Nicolae, 2010) Additionally, external sources of secondary data will be important in the research; this will ensure that no critical information is left out needed for the study (Katz, 2012). The crucial elements that will be used in the research entail: The media, including the broadcast media, the internet as well as the print media about the various information they are aware of about Jenis splendid ice cream company, and Trade, business and professional associations in the US which might have relevant information needed in the study about the organization (Jusko, 2007). References Alagaraja, M. (2013),"The strategic value and transaction effectiveness of HRD," European Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 37 No. 5, pp. 436-453. Bhasin, S. (2012), An appropriate change strategy for lean success, Management Decision, Vol. 50 No. 3, pp. 439-458. Bonavia, T. and Marin-Garcia, J.A. (2011), Integrating human resource management into leanproduction and their impact on organizational performance," International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 32 No. 8, pp. 923-938. Byrne, A. (2013), the Lean Turnaround, McGraw Hill, New York, NY. Danova, A. (2013), "Car and automobile manufacturing in the US," IBIS World Industry Report33611a, p. 3. Deluzio, M. and Hawkey, B. (2006), "Strategy deployment: effective alignment of lean to drive profitable growth," Cost Management, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 30-39. Dora, M., Van Goubergen, D. and Gellynck, X. (2013), Operational performance and critical success factors of lean manufacturing in European food processing SMEs," Trends in Food Science Technology, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 156-164. Emiliani, M. (2013), "Music as a framework to better understand lean leadership," Leadership Organization Development Journal, Vol. 34 No. 5, pp. 407-426. Farris, J.A., Van Aken, E.M., Doolen, T.L. and Worley, J. (2008), "Learning from lesssuccessful Kaizen events: a case study," Engineering Management Journal, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 10-20. Fullerton, R.R. and Wempe, W.F. (2009), "Lean manufacturing, non-financial performance measures and financial performance," International Journal of Operations Production Management, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 214-240. Gupta, V., Acharya, P. and Patwardhan, M. (2013), "A strategic and operational approach toassessing the lean performance in radial tire manufacturing in India," International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 62 No. 6, pp. 634-651. Hartwell, J.K., and Roth, G. (2010), Doing more with less at Ariens: a leadership andtransformation case study," Organization Management Journal, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 89-109. Jayaram, J., Das, A. and Nicolae, M. (2010), "Looking beyond the obvious: unraveling the Toyota production system," International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 128 No. 1, pp. 280-291. Jusko, J. (2007), "Strategic deployment: how to think like Toyota," Industry Week, pp. 34-37. Katz, J. (2012), "The lean CEO effect," Industry Week, pp. 38-43. Koenigsaecker, G. (2013), Leading the lean enterprise transformation," CRC Press Taylor Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.

The Fall Of The Liberal Consensus Essays - Liberalism,

The Fall Of The Liberal Consensus The Fall of the Liberal Consensus Looking at the United States in 1965, it would seem that the future of the liberal consensus was well entrenched. The anti-war movement was in full swing, civil rights were moving forward, and Johnson's Great Society was working to alleviate the plight of the poor in America. Yet, by 1968 the liberal consensus had fallen apart, which led to the triumph of conservatism with the election of President Reagan in 1980. The question must be posed, how in the course of 15 years did liberal consensus fall apart and conservatism rise to the forefront? What were the decisive factors that caused the fracturing of what seemed to be such a powerful political force? In looking at the period from 1968 to the triumph of Reagan in 1980, America was shaken to the core by the Watergate scandal, the stalling of economic growth, gas shortages, and the Vietnam War. In an era that included the amount of turbulence that the 1970's did, it is not difficult to imagine that conservatism come to power. In this paper I will analyze how the liberal consensus went from one of its high points in 1965 to one of its lows in 1968. From there I will show how conservatism rose to power by the 1980 elections. In doing so, I will look at how factors within the American economy, civil rights issues, and political workings of the United States contributed to the fracturing of the liberal consensus and the rise of conservatism. In order to look at how the liberal consensus went from a high point in 1965 to a low in 1968, I think that it is first important to look at the state of the liberal consensus in 1965. Doing so will provide us with a starting point from which to measure the fracturing and also set up a framework from which we can analyze how and why the fracturing of the liberal consensus occurred. Looking at the 1960's we can see that by 1965, much progress had been made toward the agenda of the liberal consensus. During President Johnson's term in office from 1964 to 1968, Johnson had declared a war on poverty. This is made evident when Johnson attempts to attack poverty at its roots. He states, Our chief weapons in a more pinpointed attack will be better schools, and better health, and better homes, and better training, and better job opportunities to help more Americans, especially young Americans, escape from squalor and misery and unemployment rolls where other citizens help to carry them. The words of Johnson outline the premise of the liberal consensus, that given the opportunity individuals would work to The Great Society programs that were to enable the change, were for the most part enacted under Johnson during his term in office. This stems largely from his experience and power with Congress. In the context of the liberal consensus the civil rights movement had made some important strides during the 1960's also. The liberal consensus pushed for the integration of schools to allow for minorities to give themselves the education that they needed to participate equally in the job market. Moreover, the liberal consensus pushed for integration and the ideology that individuals if given equal opportunity would be able to solve the problems of discrimination through the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The economy of the United States was the most important issue in solidifying the liberal consensus. From the 1950's through the 1960's the United States economy appeared as if it were on an endless track of prosperity. In the 1960's the United States Gross National Product was up 31%. Murray writes that, Economists believed that in Keynesian economics they had found the key to perpetual prosperity. The belief that the economy would continue to grow, fed the belief in the liberal consensus' ideology that in allowing for free competition in the marketplace not only would economic problems be solved but also the problems of poverty and of civil rights. With the ideology of the liberal consensus firmly in place in 1965, how could such profound change occur in just three years that marked the fragmentation of the consensus? It was